According to a Company spokesperson, “The results are lower than the Company anticipated as the completion of our licensee’s product development processes has taken longer than envisioned. While this delay is disappointing in the short-term, we are very encouraged that intense consumer focus groups have provided more solid data for our licensees, which should benefit the Company and our licensees when the licensees ultimately launch their products containing our technology. We would rather be a partner in a well-planned and executed product introduction, than a timelier but less effective consumer launch. Fortunately, additional licensing agreements, especially, the contract signed with the international chemical and consumer giant Schwarzkopf and Henkel, is providing higher than expected earnings for us in the current year, which has somewhat offset the delay in product launches by earlier licensees,” the spokesperson indicated.

Human Pheromone Sciences, Inc. is a technology-based company, whose proof-of concept products included prestige-priced fragrances and toiletries and environmental products sold under the Natural Attraction(R), REALM(R), innerREALM(R) and EROX(R) trademarks. These products contain mood-enhancing compounds, whose efficacy has been validated at leading universities around the world, and whose use is covered under United States and foreign patents. The Company is also involved in research and product development efforts on new compounds that have been previously identified as stimulating the emotional centers of the human brain. Further information is available on line at http://www.erox.com.

The statements in this news release may contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause results to differ from predicted results. Further information on factors that could affect the Company’s results is detailed in the Company’s annual report to shareholders on Form 10-KSB for the year ended December 31, 2007, and Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2008, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly release the result of any revisions to these forward-looking statements.

The next logical question to ask is how are these chemical signals recognized? Studies have shown that pheromone is first recognized by the chemical receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and olfactory bulbs located in the nose; signals are then sent t o the hypothalamus of the brain. In an experiment conducted on virgin male mice where their VNO was removed, the mice were found to generally not mate with receptive females, even if the maleis olfactory nerves were not damaged. This showed that the VNO s are needed in order start certain chains of reactions already programmed in the brain. Further studies show that when male mice have begun to associate sexual activity with other cues from females, including smells they become less dependent on the VNO s. A sexually experienced male whois VNO is removed will mate almost as frequently as a male whois VNO is still intact(2).

One of the leading researchers in this hot topic is psychologist Martha McClintock of the University of Chicago. In a paper published in the journal Nature, she reported what may be the best evidence of human pheromones yet. In a straightforward experime nt, she was able to speed up and slow down the monthly menstrual cycles of a group of women by exposing them to the smell of sweat from other women.

In a simple experiment involving 29 student volunteers, she used pads to collect released molecules from the underarms of 9 women volunteers either before or just after ovulation. The substances collected from the pad were treated with isopropyl alcohol to mask any odor and applied to the upper lips of the other 20 women volunteers. This resulted in the acceleration or shortening of their menstrual cycles, depending on which of the swabs was applied under the nose. Volunteers who were treated with the pre-ovulation pads experienced shortened menstrual cycles by as much as 14 days in 68% of the women. When exposed to the ovulation-phase pads, a different 68% experienced cycles that were up to 12 days longer. From this she believed that the female ovul ation command was carried out by pheromones.

Still further research and information is needed in order to determine what these pheromones do to the human body. If they do exist, how does our body process them? Do we have a vomeronasal organ like those found in mammals and reptiles to help detect f or pheromones? Studies have long shown the presence of the VNO in humans, but humans lack the characteristic capsule and large blood vessels of other mammals. The connections between what looks like VNO receptor neurons and the brain have not been demon strated. However, the study conducted by McClintock already suggests the notion of chemical communication in humans. This evidence is shown by the synchronization of menstrual cycles among women who live together.

What about choosing the right partner for mating in humans? Do we choose solely on appearance and personality? Or do these chemical signals somehow come into play? Just recently, there have been magazine articles and news reports of human pheromones th at are synthetically made and guaranteed to attract someone of the opposite sex. Could this really be a secret love potion of the 90is or is it all just another hoax to swindle consumers out of money? There are numerous websites luring people by claimin g they have the secret formula for iinstant sex appeali and give tips on how to most effectively use their product and enhance it’s effects on the opposite sex. Do humans have pheromones which help to woo others of the opposite sex?

One thing for sure is that all these products are made using the same essential ingredient: androstenone (the male pheromone) and androstenol (the female pheromone). It is these two chemicals which the brain processes unconciously causing physiological a nd behavioral changes. Unfortunately, not too much is known about these particular pheromones. Studies are being conducted on pigs, which are found to give off pheromones similar to those found in humans.

As we age, our olfactory acuity declines. This may be a reason for why as the older we get, the less inclination there is to be sexually active. Our nose and olfactory system are no longer able to detect these subtle chemical signals that others of the opposite sex or our partners release. Studies have shown that this loss of olfaction is not consistant in geographic regions nor is it the same for both males and females. Women were reported to have higher levels of olfactory functioning than men(3).

The possible benefits of using synthetic pheromones are being studied in different fields currently. For example, instead of using pesticides, can we instead use pheromones from insects to stop the process of mating? Or would the animals undergo some so rt of mutation, making them resistant to their old chemical signals, and develop a slightly different one? There are still many questions out there about these natural chemical signals which are released by organisms. Are they of more benefit than we th ink? Or are we making them out to be more than they really are? For now, only time and tedious research will tell.

Pheromones are chemicals that send out subconscious scent signals to the opposite sex that naturally trigger attraction, arousal and readiness for sex. When a woman receives the chemical-hormonal signals, she automatically, instinctively responds – without even realizing what is drawing her to you.

What is pheromone wipe?

Magnetic Pheromone Wipe is pheromone based wet wipe . It contains pure human pheromones. How it is said on the package of the wipe “Wipe your neck and wrist to boost your sex appeal!”

Whether these effects are 100% “true” pheromone reactions or not is an interesting point and worthy of further investigation, but is a moot point to the perfume industry.

The effects of pheromones may be modulated by the sexual experience of the target and/or by the extent to which the target’s VNO is still functional, but the fact is that a number of controlled human studies have shown that pheromones both natural and synthetic/supplemental do affect our social behavior, and a growing mountain of raving pheromone product testimonials also support these findings.

Furthermore, I have yet to come across even one pheromone study that has failed to show some significant effects from pheromones, and until that happens there is little alternative but to assume that pheromones work.

What follows are abstracts of controlled studies showing a relationship between supplemental pheromone use and human behavior.

Throughout the animal kingdom, it was well known (by 1979) that females emit sex attractants that cause males (of the same species) to approach. Animal pheromones were so well understood, by the late 70’s, that manufacturers were marketing them as pest controls; pheromones were used to lure and divert animals and bugs to traps to prevent crop and flower damage. I was fortunate to be one of the scientists working on the research that proved the existence of human pheromones for the first time.

The discovery of human sex pheromones appeared in front page stories internationally when my colleagues and I succeeded in peer-reviewed acceptance for publication in scientific journals in 1986. We provided the proof that women and men emitted pheromones into the atmosphere and we showed that extracted pheromones could be collected, frozen for over a year, thawed and then applied on the upper lip of recipients to mimic some of the pheromonal effects found in nature.
 
The End

Pheromones are airborne chemical signals that are released by an individual into the environment and which affect the physiology or behaviour of other members of the same species. The idea that humans produce pheromones has excited the imagination of scientists and the public, leading to widespread claims for their existence, which, however, has remained unproven. Here we investigate whether humans produce compounds that regulate a specific neuroendocrine mechanism in other people without being consciously detected as odours (thereby fulfilling the classic definition of a pheromone). We found that odourless compounds from the armpits of women in the late follicular phase of their menstrual cycles accelerated the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone of recipient women and shortened their menstrual cycles. Axillary (underarm) compounds from the same donors which were collected later in the menstrual cycle (at ovulation) had the opposite effect: they delayed the luteinizing-hormone surge of the recipients and lengthened their menstrual cycles. By showing in a fully controlled experiment that the timing of ovulation can be manipulated, this study provides definitive evidence of human pheromones.

The summated receptor potential was recorded from the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and olfactory epithelium (OE) of 49 human subjects of both sexes (18 to 55 years old) using surface non-polarizable silver-silver chloride electrodes. 15-25 pg of human putative pheromones, clove oil and a diluent were administered to the VNO or the OE in 0.3-1 s pulses from a 0.05 mm dia cannula connected to a multichannel delivery system. Local stimulation of the VNO produces negative potentials of 1.8-11.6 mV showing adaptation. Responses are not obtained when the recording electrode is placed in the nasal respiratory mucosa. Pheromone ER-830 significantly stimulates the male VNO (P less than 0.01; n = 20), while ER-670 produces a significant effect on female subjects (P less than 0.001; n = 20). The other pheromones tested do not show significantly different effects in both male and female (P greater than 0.1). Similar quantities of odorant or diluent produce an insignificant effect on the VNO. Stimulation of the OE with clove oil produces depolarization of 12.3 +/- 3.9 mV, while pheromones do not show a significant effect. Our results show that the VNO is a functional organ in adult humans having receptor sites for human putative pheromones.

That definition has not held up well over time. Even in insects, each of the criteria has been violated by substances that most researchers are still willing to call pheromones. For vertebrates, the definition has been progressively loosened to the point that researchers are now heatedly debating the meaning of the term. Scientists now suggest there are four kinds of human pheromones–primers, releasers, modulators and “signalers” that provide information to the recipient without directly altering behavior. Some researchers, such as Richard Doty, PhD, editor of the Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation and a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, believe the term should be used only in the narrowest sense–in part because those who use looser definitions can label and sell almost anything as a pheromone.

“In 50 years, nobody’s really identified a [mammalian] pheromone that will hold up to any sort of criteria, with the exception of maybe one or two,” he argues. “My view is that the whole thing is primarily driven by the perfume industry, and when looked at carefully sort of falls apart.”

Meredith, Sobel and others are more sanguine about the existence of human pheromones, but all agree that the research community and the public would both benefit greatly from a common definition. “The word is not going to go away, so better to define it than ignore it,” says Michael Meredith, PhD, of Florida State University.

F: Apa Online

The prostate gland in the male is a highly hormone dependent gland. Sexual activity plays a crucial role in determining the prostate cancer risk. Another hypothesis is that specific human pheromone products can be designed to modulate sexual activity, more specifically prostate gland activity in such way that it is associated with reduced risk of developing prostate caner.

Ants have it! Dogs use it to attract their mate and defend their territory. It is what drives the male moth situated miles away from the female moth to reciprocate and respond to the mating invitation. It is what makes you instantaneously get attracted to the woman or man of your dreams. Still seems fishy? ‘It’ is nothing other than the wonder chemical, pheromones, at work. Someone rightly said that ‘love is a matter of chemistry’. We now know that this is indeed true.

The study of pheromones represents one of the most fascinating areas of reproductive biology. The term pheromone is used to refer to any chemical substance produced by a living organism, that triggers a change in the sexual behavior of another organism, of the same species, but of the opposite sex.

It was also found that pheromones were gender specific. A human pheromone can influence sexual behavior in humans only. So now you know that Jim Carrey’s attraction to even animals, in the movie ‘The Animal’ was truly dramatic. It is appropriate to remember at this juncture the earlier studies of Dr. Winifred Cutler, conducted during the 1970s documented that women who have sporadic sex are less likely to have regular menstrual cycles compared to those who had regular sex with men.A study conducted in 1971 by Martha McClintock, a psychology professor at the University of Chicago documented the presence of human pheromones. Her study for the first time highlighted that young ladies and women produce alteast two different pheromones, prior to ovulation and at the time of ovulation. Additionally, pheromones were also found to have a profound impact on the menstrual cycle. It was evident from the study that girls who lived in the same dormitory and spent a lot of time together had developed closer menstrual cycles, even though their cycles were randomly scattered when they first arrived at the dormitory. This phenomenon has been referred to as menstrual synchronization. More studies are now being conducted to analyze if the so-called female pheromones can influence the length of the monthly cycles, with special reference to ovulation.

Researchers from Sweden using specialized imaging techniques have demonstrated that heterosexual and homosexual men respond in unique ways to two different odors involved in sexual arousal. Interestingly, gay men were found to respond in ways similar to women.

Conclusion

It has been hypothesized that some men and women who naturally attract everyone around them have high levels of natural active human pheromones. Pheromones secreted by females have been known to relax men, Female pheromones, like male pheromones, are known to relax men and intensify their sexual desire.

A number of studies are being conducted on this interesting phenomenon, which highlight that we smell best to a compatible mate, who has a markedly different genetic constitution. This indeed is the basis of evolution and the key to manufacturing stronger and healthy children.

The complexity of sexual behavior in terms of unpredictability poses serious constraints on human pheromone research. This is markedly different from sexual behavior in insects, which is stereotyped, and highly predictable. Active research being done at the moment however continue to promise hope in unraveling the chemistry of sexual attraction between men and women.

Alarm pheromones, as the name suggests send SOS signals to other members of the same species. Such compounds are released when a specific organism is being attacked by a predator, leading to trigger of either a fright or flight response. Surprisingly, plants have also been known to emit these compounds, when being preyed upon. This leads to production of tannins by adjacent plants, compounds that make the plant less edible for the preying organism.

Perhaps the most studied of the pheromones are sex pheromones that greatly influence the sexual behavior of an animal. These sex pheromones perform several functions ranging from sending signals about availability of a partner for mating to detecting a potential mate. Certain male organisms also release pheromones that communicate information about their species and genetic constitution. The presence of sex pheromones in animals as diverse as moths, mice and monkeys have been well documented.

Aggregation pheromones is the collective term given to chemical substances produced by one or other sex of a particular species, that attract individuals of both sexes. An unclassified set of pheromones (bees and other mammals) also exists, about which active research is being conducted at the moment.

Of special interest are the human pheromones, which are claimed to enhance the libido (sex drive) of an individual. Several companies even market human pheromones, believed to possess aphrodisiac properties. The number of studies available on human pheromones is however very limited.

Click here to view the embedded video.

A Lois & Clark video. Can you smell the pheromone?

Back in the year two thousand, big producers of poplar trees in the American Pacific Northwest needed help. Their hybrid poplars, nearly ten years old, were under threat. Young insects were getting into the heartwood, weakening a tree and making it likely to break and fall. Small, newly planted trees were being killed.

Two professors from Washington State University discovered that the threat was not from traditional poplar pests but from a new one.

Doug Walsh and John Brown found ninety-five western poplar clearwing moths in traps in a four-week period in two thousand one. Then, during a four-week period in two thousand two, they found more than eighteen thousand moths in traps placed in the same locations…

Unlike most moths, this one is active during the day. As a defense, it can make itself look like a yellow jacket.

It was a threat to fourteen thousand hectares of poplar planted in eastern Washington state and Oregon. The producers used twenty thousand kilograms of a pesticide, Lorsban, in two thousand two to try to control the outbreak. But that and other poisons failed to stop the moths.

So the professors asked for help from an expert at the University of California, Riverside. Years earlier, Jocelyn Millar had copied the sex pheromone of the clearwing moth.

Pheromones produce chemical signals that animals and insects use to identify friends and enemies. Pheromones also attract the opposite sex. The Washington State team had used Jocelyn Millar’s version of the pheromone in the traps.

The researchers began treating poplars with the synthetic pheromone in two thousand three. The idea was to confuse male moths. They would sense the presence of females and not be able to find them, and that would interfere with reproduction.

After the success of tests, and improvements to the treatment, it won full approval from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. That was in two thousand six.

Professor Brown says the synthetic pheromone is safe so workers can re-enter a forest after a few hours. And only small amounts are needed — as little as one gram per two and a half hectares. Professor Walsh says the treatment reduces clearwing moth populations quickly. Today, the population is under control, but preventive treatments continue.

And that’s the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson.

Making the right choice when finding true love is an important business, so how do we go about selecting a mate?

Many factors add up to make us desirable to potential partners. There’s the obvious stuff like symmetrical features and good skin – which showcase a healthy development, immune system and good genes. Women look for tall men with masculine faces, kindness, wealth and status. Men prefer young, fertile women with a low waist-to-hip ratio and who are not too tall. Neither sex is very keen on people who wear glasses.

Beauty can come at a price however.

Other factors are less obvious. Research suggests that humans are attracted to partners who resemble themselves and – slightly disconcertingly – their parents too. Smell appears to be important as well; people are often more attracted to the smell of those who have different combinations of some immune system (MHC) genes to themselves. Mates with dissimilar MHC genes produce healthier offspring that are better able to thwart disease. People with similar MHC genes even prefer the same perfumes…

Suitors of some species such as birds, and even mice, attract their mates with complex songs or showy displays. Intelligence and talent are prized by people too. As are expensive gifts and even cheap love tokens. Even being in a relationship can make you more attractive to potential mates.

Other factors are more random – a woman’s attractiveness and pheromones can fluctuate with her hormone levels and menstrual cycle. As a consequence, taking the pill can inhibit a woman’s ability to select an appropriate mate.

In concert, these many factors mean the path to true love can be somewhat unpredictable.

Many people with hectic lifestyles today are turning to the internet, online lonely hearts, dating websites and speed dating to help them track down a partner. Love by wire may have started much longer ago however.