The next logical question to ask is how are these chemical signals recognized? Studies have shown that pheromone is first recognized by the chemical receptors in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and olfactory bulbs located in the nose; signals are then sent t o the hypothalamus of the brain. In an experiment conducted on virgin male mice where their VNO was removed, the mice were found to generally not mate with receptive females, even if the maleis olfactory nerves were not damaged. This showed that the VNO s are needed in order start certain chains of reactions already programmed in the brain. Further studies show that when male mice have begun to associate sexual activity with other cues from females, including smells they become less dependent on the VNO s. A sexually experienced male whois VNO is removed will mate almost as frequently as a male whois VNO is still intact(2).

One of the leading researchers in this hot topic is psychologist Martha McClintock of the University of Chicago. In a paper published in the journal Nature, she reported what may be the best evidence of human pheromones yet. In a straightforward experime nt, she was able to speed up and slow down the monthly menstrual cycles of a group of women by exposing them to the smell of sweat from other women.

In a simple experiment involving 29 student volunteers, she used pads to collect released molecules from the underarms of 9 women volunteers either before or just after ovulation. The substances collected from the pad were treated with isopropyl alcohol to mask any odor and applied to the upper lips of the other 20 women volunteers. This resulted in the acceleration or shortening of their menstrual cycles, depending on which of the swabs was applied under the nose. Volunteers who were treated with the pre-ovulation pads experienced shortened menstrual cycles by as much as 14 days in 68% of the women. When exposed to the ovulation-phase pads, a different 68% experienced cycles that were up to 12 days longer. From this she believed that the female ovul ation command was carried out by pheromones.

Still further research and information is needed in order to determine what these pheromones do to the human body. If they do exist, how does our body process them? Do we have a vomeronasal organ like those found in mammals and reptiles to help detect f or pheromones? Studies have long shown the presence of the VNO in humans, but humans lack the characteristic capsule and large blood vessels of other mammals. The connections between what looks like VNO receptor neurons and the brain have not been demon strated. However, the study conducted by McClintock already suggests the notion of chemical communication in humans. This evidence is shown by the synchronization of menstrual cycles among women who live together.

What about choosing the right partner for mating in humans? Do we choose solely on appearance and personality? Or do these chemical signals somehow come into play? Just recently, there have been magazine articles and news reports of human pheromones th at are synthetically made and guaranteed to attract someone of the opposite sex. Could this really be a secret love potion of the 90is or is it all just another hoax to swindle consumers out of money? There are numerous websites luring people by claimin g they have the secret formula for iinstant sex appeali and give tips on how to most effectively use their product and enhance it’s effects on the opposite sex. Do humans have pheromones which help to woo others of the opposite sex?

One thing for sure is that all these products are made using the same essential ingredient: androstenone (the male pheromone) and androstenol (the female pheromone). It is these two chemicals which the brain processes unconciously causing physiological a nd behavioral changes. Unfortunately, not too much is known about these particular pheromones. Studies are being conducted on pigs, which are found to give off pheromones similar to those found in humans.

As we age, our olfactory acuity declines. This may be a reason for why as the older we get, the less inclination there is to be sexually active. Our nose and olfactory system are no longer able to detect these subtle chemical signals that others of the opposite sex or our partners release. Studies have shown that this loss of olfaction is not consistant in geographic regions nor is it the same for both males and females. Women were reported to have higher levels of olfactory functioning than men(3).

The possible benefits of using synthetic pheromones are being studied in different fields currently. For example, instead of using pesticides, can we instead use pheromones from insects to stop the process of mating? Or would the animals undergo some so rt of mutation, making them resistant to their old chemical signals, and develop a slightly different one? There are still many questions out there about these natural chemical signals which are released by organisms. Are they of more benefit than we th ink? Or are we making them out to be more than they really are? For now, only time and tedious research will tell.

Pheromones are chemicals that send out subconscious scent signals to the opposite sex that naturally trigger attraction, arousal and readiness for sex. When a woman receives the chemical-hormonal signals, she automatically, instinctively responds – without even realizing what is drawing her to you.

What is pheromone wipe?

Magnetic Pheromone Wipe is pheromone based wet wipe . It contains pure human pheromones. How it is said on the package of the wipe “Wipe your neck and wrist to boost your sex appeal!”

Whether these effects are 100% “true” pheromone reactions or not is an interesting point and worthy of further investigation, but is a moot point to the perfume industry.

The effects of pheromones may be modulated by the sexual experience of the target and/or by the extent to which the target’s VNO is still functional, but the fact is that a number of controlled human studies have shown that pheromones both natural and synthetic/supplemental do affect our social behavior, and a growing mountain of raving pheromone product testimonials also support these findings.

Furthermore, I have yet to come across even one pheromone study that has failed to show some significant effects from pheromones, and until that happens there is little alternative but to assume that pheromones work.

What follows are abstracts of controlled studies showing a relationship between supplemental pheromone use and human behavior.

A number of pheromones and pheromone-like substances have been isolated in humans, and have been shown in scientific studies to have an affect on a variety of human behavior and hormonal processes.
Whether these effects are 100% “true” pheromone reactions or not is an interesting point and worthy of further investigation, but is a moot point to the perfume industry.

The effects of pheromones may be modulated by the sexual experience of the target and/or by the extent to which the target’s VNO is still functional, but the fact is that a number of controlled human studies have shown that pheromones both natural and synthetic/supplemental do affect our social behavior, and a growing mountain of raving pheromone product testimonials also support these findings.

Furthermore, I have yet to come across even one pheromone study that has failed to show some significant effects from pheromones, and until that happens there is little alternative but to assume that pheromones work.

What follows are abstracts of controlled studies showing a relationship between supplemental pheromone use and human behavior.

Pheromones are volatile, odorous substances which are released by one animal and detected by another, causing some sort of physiological reaction. These reactions can manifest themselves in a variety of different ways: some pheromones modulate sexual activity, some affect aggression, some play roles in territory marking, and other pheromones have similarly diverse effects on the target animal. Pheromones have been demonstrated in a very large number of organisms ranging from amoebas to fish to mammals, including primates. However, the question of whether human olfactory signals exist has been a question of much debate and few definite conclusions. In this paper I will look at some possible examples of odor signaling in humans.Mammals of all sorts use olfactory signals to indicate willingness to copulate, define territory, mark their young, and signal aggressive intent. These processes can be seen in many animals used as models for human systems, including rats, monkeys (both Old World and New World), hamsters and mice. The fact that pheromones are important biological signals in a plethora of other species indicates that the possibility of human pheromones should not be discarded lightly.

Although humans generally rate olfaction as their least important sensory modality, we still spend billions of dollars, years of our life, and a considerable amount of effort to modify the way we smell (at least in industrialized countries). These efforts typically include scrubbing with deodorant soaps and scented shampoos, applying deodorants to those parts of our bodies we feel need deodorizing, and finally applying perfumes and sprays to replace those natural odors we just discarded down the shower drain. This points out an obvious contradiction: if olfaction is considered unimportant and possibly even obsolete, why do we work so hard to change the way we smell? The first question to address is where do these odors we produce come from? Whereas animals release pheromones from their skin, urine, feces, and to some extent breath, most research on pheromones in humans indicates that the main odor-producing organ is the skin. For the purposes of this paper, the skin is what I will focus on. These odors are largely produced by the skin’s apocrine sebaceous glands, which develop during puberty and are usually associated with sweat glands and tufts of hair. These glands are located everywhere on the body surface, but tend to concentrate in six areas1:

1) The axillae (underarms)

2) The nipples of both sexes2

3) The pubic, genital, and circumanal regions

4) The circumoral region and lips

5) The eyelids

6) The outer ear

The first four of these regions are generally associated with varying amounts of hair growth, which makes perfect sense, as the extremely large surface area of a tuft of hair is a very effective means of spreading an odor by evaporation. The fact that body hair and apocrine glands appear simultaneously at puberty is significant and suggests that body odor and its dispersal may be linked to sexual development. These supposedly non-functional structures, coupled with the olfactory system, would be called part of a pheromonal system in any other mammal.

The substances produced by these glands are relatively imperceptible by the human nose; what we smell when we detect skin odor is not the fresh glandular secretions but rather the bacterial breakdown products of these glandular secretions. The sebaceous secretions themselves consist mostly of lipids such as squalene and other esters. When degraded by enzymes of bacteria naturally present on human skin, free fatty acids result, including those that smell hircine and are generally regarded as unpleasant. The most prominent examples of these hircine fatty acids have the general formula (CH3(CH2)nCOOH) and are called butyric acid (n=2), caproic acid (n=4), and caprylic acid (n=6).

The first studies I will discuss relate to evidence for the existence of pheromone signaling in human babies and children. The first interesting studies regarding children come from Michael Kalogerakis and Irving Bieber. They proposed a theory that olfaction is related to sexual identification in young children. Kalogerakis performed a study on young boys, two to four years of age, which strongly indicated that at some point in early childhood, a boy will begin to show an aversion to the odors of their father, and will simultaneously feel attraction to the odors of their mother. According to Bieber, this indicates a shift in sexual interest and acts as a biological trigger for the Oedipus response. Kalogerakis supports this theory with a case study of a boy named Jackie, who originally was closer to his father, but at the age of three years, three months, began to show a distinct preference for his mother’s smells, especially at times right after she and Jackie’s father had been having intercourse. At four years of age, Jackie would become nauseous at the smell of his father. This behaviour continued, tapering off slowly until Jackie was six, and his sexual identity had presumably been established.

Another intriguing study was carried out by Michael J. Russell of UCSF in 1976. He enlisted the help of ten recent mothers, whom he asked to wear a cotton pad in their bra for three hours before testing. Russell then tested the sleeping babies’ ability to differentiate between pads worn by their own mothers and those worn by strange mothers. At the age of two days, only one of the ten babies responded to either type of pad, and he responded to both with a sucking response. At the age of two weeks, eight babies responded by sucking to a stranger’s pad, and seven responded to their mother’s pad. Also, one child responded only to its mother’s pad. At the age of six weeks, however, things had changed. Eight babies responded to their mother’s pad, one responded to a stranger’s pad, and one did not react to it’s mother’s pad but did react with a jerk and a cry to the stranger’s pad. These results may indicate either that a baby imprints on its mother’s odor, or as Russell suggests, that the mother unconsciously marks her baby with a distinctive scent, a phenomenon observed in many other primates. This latter possibility is supported by the common parental observation that a child will reject their favorite blanket or stuffed animal after it has been washed, presumably because it has lost specific odors acquired in previous contacts.

A final childhood phenomenon worth mentioning is one observed by Dr. Alex Comfort. Comfort noticed that in the past three centuries, the age of onset of menstruation for girls has had a direct correlation with the amount of time that young girls spend with boys. In pre-Victorian times, menstruation began at an early age, only slightly above the average age of onset now. However, in Victorian times, when mingling between the sexes was minimized as much as possible, the average age of onset climbed a few years. In post-Victorian times, as boys and girls were allowed to mingle more freely and coeducation appeared, the average age fell once again. Admittedly, this could be due to a number of other factors, but it is Comfort’s opinion that it is due to the exposure to odors of the opposite sex. In fact, this phenomenon has been documented in mice and is called the Vandenbergh effect: female mice raised alone in sterile cages have a much higher age of maturation than that of female mice raised alone in cages filled with a male mouse’s bedding material. When the bedding belonged to a castrated male mouse, this effect was not observed.

There are variations in odor perception between human adult males and females. Le Magnen and Doty found that this is most evident in the case of women’s acute ability to smell musk3, which are steroids, large cycloketone or lactones, often with side chains which are most likely involved with their biological specificity of action. All of these compounds are very similar to the male sex hormone testosterone (see appendix for structures). Whereas women are very sensitive (1 part in 109) to the musky odors of civetone (from the anal glands of the civet cat and used in many perfumes), exaltolide (a synthetic musk), and boar taint substance (a sexual attractant produced in the preputial glands of the boar), men are relatively insensitive (1 part in 106) to these substances. Moreover, women’s sensitivity to these substances varies as a function of where they are in their menstrual cycle: during menstruation, women are no more sensitive to musks than men, but about ten days after menstruation (ovulation — a woman’s peak fertility period), women reach their maximum sensitivity. In addition, women on the pill, women who have had ovarectomies, pregnant women, and post-menopausal women are relatively insensitive to these substances. Le Magnen deduced from these results that sensitivity to musk in women is critically defendant on the levels of estrogen in the blood: during ovulation, serum estrogen is at a peak, whereas serum levels of estrogen are low during menstruation, pregnancy, in post-menopausal women, women who have had ovarectomies, and birth-control pill users. Further, it is the action of progesterone which causes nasal congestion during menstruation and pregnancy4, and might be responsible for the reduced sensitivity at these times.

Why is this relevant? Men secrete musky odorants in abundance. The -3-ol precursor of boar taint substance is found in male urine, and substances similar to testosterone, such as androstenone, are secreted in the smegma and from the apocrine glands of the underarms5 and pubic area of males. As is usually the case, bacterial action may be necessary for the release of the odorants. The fact that men’s bodies secrete these substances and that women are maximally sensitive to them when they are most fertile indicates that there may be a olfactory-sexual role for these substances in human sexuality.

Indeed, a study performed by J. Richard Udry at the University of North Carolina attempted to delineate the relationship between coitus, orgasm and position in the menstrual cycle. He found that women do indeed engage in sexual intercourse about six times more frequently at about the time of ovulation, when women’s sensitivity to the male musk odor is highest. In addition, the women are much more likely to have an orgasm at these times. Further, the women Udry studied women were several times less likely to have sexual intercourse or have an orgasm during and two to three days after menstruation, which is when women’s sensitivity to the musky smell of men is lowest. Coupled with women’s odor sensitivity, these results could indicate a possible pheromonal trigger for sexual behaviour.

There are several other effects in adult humans which might hinge on pheromones. Some of the most interesting results come from work done by Martha McClintock at Harvard. She performed a study on menstrual cycles in women who lived together in dormitories and found that when women are housed together, their menstrual cycles tend to synchronize and lengthen. She also found that the lengthening effect was attenuated in direct relation to the amount of time these women spent with men. In one woman’s case, her regular cycle was six months long, but when she started seeing a man, it dropped to four and a half weeks. After she stopped seeing this man, her cycle once again lengthened. Of course, in an experiment like this, it is difficult to eliminate diet, work and sleep habits as factors, but the fact that this is such a widespread phenomenon indicates that something more basic is probably at work here. It is to be stressed that airborne odors or pheromones were not directly demonstrated in this study, but there is an identical phenomenon in mice that has been shown to be pheromonal in nature. This effect is called the Lee-Boot phenomenon, in which groups of female mice housed together experience increases and synchrony in their estrus cycles. When a female mouse is housed alone, this effect does not occur, but when a solitary female mouse is kept in a cage supplied with bedding from a cage full of female mice, the Lee-Boot effect is once again observed, indicating that the cues are chemosensory in nature. The attenuation of cycle elongation in women in response to male contact is also echoed in mice, and is called the Whitten effect. Once again this effect has been shown to be due to olfactory signals.

Michael Russell provided some more insight on the phenomenon of menstrual synchrony. A colleague of his, on reading McClintock’s paper, mentioned that she too had noticed the same phenomenon among her friends, except that in every case, it was her own menstrual cycle which determined the synchronization of her friends’. Upon hearing this, Russell asked his colleague if he could use her underarm scent to help confirm and extend McClintock’s findings. She consented, and proceeded to wear sterile cotton pads under her arms regularly. Russell the recruited sixteen female volunteers, each of whom came in three times a week for four months to have a liquid applied to her upper lip. One group of women had pure alcohol applied to their lips, and the other group had a mixture of alcohol and Russell’s colleague’s underarm scent from the previous day applied. The group which received pure alcohol did not experience changes in their menstrual cycle, but those that had the mix of alcohol and underarm scent applied showed a radical change in their cycles: The average time lag between cycles had been 9.3 days, but after four months, this had decreased to 3.4 days, and fully half the women were in exact synchrony with Russell’s colleague, discounting the the aforementioned one day time lag. None of these women had ever even met Russell’s colleague. McClintock’s study showed that women who lived together reported menstrual synchronization, and Russell’s study provided a likely mechanism: underarm scent. Another possible interpretation of this study leads to the conclusion that there may be dominant women with regard to menstrual synchrony, a phenomenon observed in many animals.

Dr. Russell provided yet another interesting result. At the same time he was performing his experiments on babies’ ability to discriminate between their own mothers and strange mothers, he performed another experiment on whether young adults could discriminate between their odors and others’ and between male and female odors. Twenty-nine college age students, 16 male and 13 female, were asked to wear a clean undershirt for twenty-four hours without using soap, deodorants, or perfumes. After twenty-four hours passed, the shirts were collected and put in buckets with the armpit right above a strategically placed sniffing hole. Two tests were then performed: the subjects were presented with three shirts, one theirs, one from a strange female and one from a strange male. The subjects were then asked to identify which shirt was theirs, taking as much time as needed. The subjects were then asked to identify which shirt belonged to the strange male and which shirt belonged to the strange female. The subjects generally sniffed each bucket once in succession, and then repeated the process. The results were impressive: 81% of the males and 69% of the females identified their own shirts correctly, for an average success rate of 75%, which is highly significant when compared to the chance percentage of 33%. In the second sex-identifying test, the subjects performed just as well: 81% of the males and 69% of the females were correct, for an average of 75%. Once again, this result was very significant, as chance would dictate a 50% success rate. When asked to characterize the odors of the shirts, the subjects generally said the males’ shirts smelled musky and the females’ shirts smelled sweet. This observation jibes well with the previous discussion of variations in odor perception.

One final effect needs to be mentioned due to large amount of research on it. There have been many studies on whether or not human vaginal secretions might contain some kind of sex pheromone (or “copulin”, as one researcher calls them). Several researchers have found that human vaginal secretions contain various small (C2 to C6) fatty acids, with acetic acid predominating. Richard P. Michael found that about 30% of the women (he called them ‘producers’) produced a significant amount of those small fatty acids (not including acetic acid) that induce copulatory behaviour in infra-human monkeys. In addition, these “copulins” increased up until ovulation, and then decreased as menstruation approached. Michael also noted that women on birth-control pills did not show this mid-cycle increase, and had a lower overall fatty acid content. Michael theorized that these fatty acids or “copulins” were a sexual trigger in humans, but this has never been demonstrated, although the producers’ secretions did increase copulatory behaviour in rhesus monkeys. When David Goldfoot’s group in Wisconsin tried to confirm these results, however, they were unsuccessful.

Are pheromones in humans a myth or are they real? At this point, it is difficult to say either a definite yes or a definite no. The field is obviously very confused, and for every paper one finds that seems to demonstrate the existence of human pheromones, one can find another equally compelling study refuting their existence. In this paper I have tried to consider a few compelling bits of evidence, but it should be noted that none of these results are yet widely accepted, and no pheromone has yet been isolated and conclusively linked to a physiological effect in humans. Further, much of the work in this field is of a qualitative nature, without adequate controls or firm statistical basis.

However, some of the results mentioned above are quite compelling. McClintock’s study and Russell’s extension seem to strongly indicate there is some odorant that affects women’s menstrual cycles. The fact that men secrete musk-like substances that women are maximally sensitive to during ovulation coupled with the finding that there is a demonstrated increase in coitus during this period is also very intriguing. “Copulins” may or may not be human sexual releasers, and they seem to stimulate copulatory behavior in monkeys, although this result has not been confirmed.

To close, I would like to propose a new way of looking at pheromones, specifically in humans. With our highly developed intellect and rich compliment of emotions, ambitions, motivations and desires, it may not be profitable to look at human pheromones the same way we look at animal pheromones. Instead of looking for odorants that cause a definite physiological response, it may behoove us to look at how possible pheromones affect our attitudes. We are not machines that blindly fall into some stereotyped behaviour in response to an odor, but we may be machines that are nudged towards a type of behaviour by pheromones in concert with our higher intellect.

Throughout the animal kingdom, it was well known (by 1979) that females emit sex attractants that cause males (of the same species) to approach. Animal pheromones were so well understood, by the late 70’s, that manufacturers were marketing them as pest controls; pheromones were used to lure and divert animals and bugs to traps to prevent crop and flower damage. I was fortunate to be one of the scientists working on the research that proved the existence of human pheromones for the first time.

The discovery of human sex pheromones appeared in front page stories internationally when my colleagues and I succeeded in peer-reviewed acceptance for publication in scientific journals in 1986. We provided the proof that women and men emitted pheromones into the atmosphere and we showed that extracted pheromones could be collected, frozen for over a year, thawed and then applied on the upper lip of recipients to mimic some of the pheromonal effects found in nature.
 
The End

The behavior of animals is strongly influenced by pheromones — chemicals made by one animal and “smelled” by another. Mating, dominance among males, weaning, recognition of members of social groups, and level of stress are all influenced, even controlled, by pheromones. Inside of the nose of nonhuman mammals is a specialized organ for receiving pheromones, which then communicates through special neural pathways to the hypothalamus. Until the last few years, common wisdom has been that humans did not communicate using pheromones. Then four years ago, a pheromone receptor was found in the human nose.Flashback: Thirty years ago, a Wellesley College student, Martha McClintock, noticed that the menstrual cycles of women living together tended to become synchronized over time: within several months of the new school year, roommates tended to get their periods at the same time. She wondered if pheromones could trigger such a phenomenon. McClintock, who is now at the University of Chicago, demonstrated previously that pheromones cause rats to experience synchronization of their menstrual cycles. In an elegant new study, she demonstrates that women produce a pheromone in their armpits during the mid-follicular phase of the menstrual cycle that shortens the follicular phase of other women, and another pheromone during ovulation that lengthens the follicular phase of other women. There is considerable variability in the strength of response to pheromones. The chemical structure of the pheromones has not yet been determined. The pheromones are without a recognizable scent.

Comment: A new modality of human communication has been discovered, something beyond sight, sound, taste, scent, and touch: human pheromones. How much human behavior might be influenced (and ultimately manipulated) by pheromones? The answer could be profound.

No pheromone candles you say? We beg to differ. It has been asserted by other organizations that pheromone candles will not be successful based on an arbitrary number that somehow the structural integrity of the molecule will somehow be sacrificed around 155 degrees farenheit. In order to show this assertion is not accurate, it is necessary to have an understanding of how candles function, the molecular structure of hormones, and diffusion. Candles:

First, lets explain how a candle works. Candles really are an amazing lighting system — the fuel itself is the package. There are two parts that work together in a candle:

The fuel, made of some sort of wax
The wick, made of some sort of absorbent twine
The wick needs to be naturally absorbent, like a towel, or it needs to have a strong capillary action (as in glass fiber wicks used in oil lamps). If you buy a length of un-waxed wick at a craft store and play with it, you will find that it feels like soft string and absorbs water very well. This absorbency is important in a candle because the wick needs to absorb liquid wax and move it upward while the candle is burning. When you light a candle, you melt the wax in and near the wick. The wick absorbs the liquid wax and pulls it upward. The heat of the flame vaporizes the wax, and it is the wax vapor that burns. You can prove that it is wax vapor, rather than liquid wax, that is burning with two experiments:

If you place one end of a metal or glass tube (shaped like a thin straw, 4 to 6 inches / 10 to 15 cm long) into a candle’s flame at a 45-degree angle, you can then light the upper end of the tube. The paraffin vapor flows up the tube and is the fuel for this second flame.
When you blow out a candle, you notice a stream of white smoke leaving the wick. This stream is paraffin vapor that has condensed into a visible form. It continues to form as long as the wick is hot enough to vaporize paraffin. If you touch a lit match to the stream, a flame will run down it and re-light the wick.
The reason the wick does not burn is because the vaporizing wax cools the exposed wick and protects it. You may have seen the camping trick of boiling water in a paper cup. The cup does not burn because the water inside cools it. The liquid wax does the same thing for the wick.”

Aromatic Candles:

In aromatic candles, scented oils or other ingredients are added while the wax is in liquid state before it’s poured or shaped into its mold (glass jar, etc). When the candle is lit, heats up, and wax melts, a liquid pool is formed around the wick. Nearly all of the scent released from an aromatic candle is from this liquid pool through diffusion. Diffusion works through the intermingling of molecules in gases and liquids as a result of random thermal agitation. In other words, the wax changing states from a solid to a liquid through heat releases the aromatic scent into the air. It is not the burning of the candle that releases the aroma into the air, rather, its just the opposite and little of the aroma is destroyed through burning.

Hormones and Heat:

In the simplest sense, pheromones are simply hormones secreted by the body through various glands (sweat mostly). In fact, most human pheromones detected have common molecular structures to those of androgenic hormones. Sparing the complexities of this, if you examine androstenone, androstenol, and androsterone, you find that their melting points are well above 100 degrees celcius. In fact, for hormones used in human beings, it is common sterilization practice to heat a preparation to over 300 degrees. Pheromones can endur quite a bit of heat without loss of molecular integrity.

The Point:

We have established how candles function and the importance of diffusion for aroma. Clearly, pheromones are not broken down when the wax changes from a solid to a liquid. Ever dip your finger in hot wax…exactly. Because pheromones will diffuse with the aroma of your candle, little is sacrificed through the actual combustion process.

Want to make a pheromone candle?

Easy enough. Take any candle you have. Dump or scrape the wax out into a pot and apply heat from a stove. When the wax melts, simply add your pheromones (usually in an oil based product) to the pot. Mix thoroughly and pour the liquid wax into whatever container you would like making sure push a wick through before the wax solidifies.

Pheromones are natural chemical signals that the body produces in order to attract others. Pheromones are well documented in the animal kingdom as the force that controls all social behavior, especially mating.

Scientists are now finding that human behavior is also heavily influenced by these invisible suggestive chemical compounds, specifically those from the androstenone family. As the evolutionary time scale has progressed, pheromone production has decreased as humans acquired new standards of attraction. However, some men are genetically disposed to produce more androstenone and androstenol pheromones than others which is why some men seem to have more “luck with the ladies” than others. Rest assured that one of the reasons for their success is not luck, it is SCIENCE ! Now everyone can enjoy the benefits of cheating evolution – level the playing field with the pheromones contained in these awesome pheromone products! You will be amazed!Pheromones won’t make members of the opposite sex flocking to you from all sides, but you WILL experience an astounding difference in their behavior in social situations. Members of the opposite sex will be much more open to conversations with you, and generally much friendlier and more willing to open up. Pheromones can produce amazing results in the business environment as well! Try applying some just before walking in to your next meeting, and COMMAND the room!

The powers of pheromone products have been featured in many major publications, newspapers, national magazines, adult magazines, and television news magazines. From the stories offered on 20/20, Hard Copy, Dateline, The New York Times, Discovery channel, Playboy, Penthouse, to the scientific reports printed in the journals Nature and Science, the world is beginning to take notice of the power of nature’s oldest aphrodisiac! Click on research to peruse some of the most exciting new research regarding pheromones and the scientific PROOF of their power!

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Dictionary definition: A chemical substance that is produced by an animal and serves especially as a stimulus to other individuals of the same species for one or more behavioral responses — called also ectohormone-1997 by Merriam-Webster, IncorporatedTo the scientist, pheromones act in a very different way from normal smells. Some years ago, researchers discovered the existence of a small organ in the nose of many animals (known as the VNO), which acts as a “detector” for pheromones much as the nose acts as a detector for odors. One of the first mammals that was found to have such an organ was the domestic pig, and thus much of the early research relating pheromone activity with behavioral actions was done with pigs. Amazingly enough, it was found that the presence of pheromones (even when the olifactory receptors had been removed) had a direct affect on social behavior. The end result of many years of experimentation determined that the VNO/pheromone effect is not dependent on any conditioning through experience, nor is it dependent upon the sense of smell.

Pheromones utilize this special organ (the VNO), which is separate from the normal smelling process. There is still much arguing about the presence of this VNO in humans, but it is well accepted that pigs and cows in the vicinity of the sex pheromones of their species will be rendered “in the mood” even if they have no sexual experience, as long as the VNO is intact. It is now commonly accepted that pheromones regulate many common biological phenomenon in humans such as the commonly observed synchronization of menstrual cycles in households where many women live together.

Each morning for a month female subjects placed either 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol, a putative human pheromone, or a placebo on the upper lip. Each evening the subjects rated on five scales their moods during that day. In the middle of their monthly cycle those females exposed to androstenol rather than a control tended to rate their moods as submissive rather than aggressive. The compound did not significantly influence ratings of being happy/depressed; lethargic/lively; sexy/unsexy; irritable/good-tempered. The results are discussed in terms of the possible increased olfactory sensitivity of the human female to androstenol in the middle of her monthly cycle.

By: THUY TRAN

Love is in the air … or is it pheromones?

Scientist Ariel Fenster spoke Tuesday night at the Chemistry of Love seminar to explain the chemistry behind love, sex, attachment and Viagra.

Fenster is a chemistry professor at the McGill University in Canada and has given over 600 lectures to over 370,000 people about various topics including forensic science and the chemistry of food. He has been an avid promoter of science for nearly three decades…

Attraction

Fenster began the discussion of “love molecules” by explaining the types of pheromones involved in insects and animals. Pheromones are substances produced by an organism to elicit a response in other members of the same species, often as an attractant of the opposite sex.

“In insects, usually females emit pheromones to males who pick them up by their antennae,” he said.

In pigs, it’s the male pig that emits the pheromone androstenol to attract the females, he said.

Humans also produce androstenol in human sweat, Fenster said.

“For some reason, women respond well to the musky smell, which has actually been used in some shaving creams and fragrances,” he said.

To demonstrate the effect of the androstenol pheromone, Fenster sprayed a fragrance containing the pheromone onto certain seats in the lecture hall before audience members entered. The seats were later filled only by women.

Fenster revealed that men are fearful of androstenol and women preferably sat in seats with the pheromone.

“Women who are exposed to male armpit secretion become calmer and more relaxed,” he said.

Passion

“The feeling of falling in love is similar to the feeling of being high on a drug,” he said. “Some people naturally have that sensation because their brains produce a lot of natural amphetamines.”

One of the amphetamines produced, phenylethylamine, is similar to the structure of speed. This amphetamine is also naturally present in chocolate.

“Chocolate, after all, is a gift of lovers,” Fenster said. “When you’re buying your lover chocolates, perhaps you’re trying to increase that level of feeling excited and high.”

Although a large amount of phenylethylamine is produced in brains of people who easily fall in love, the phenylethylamine present in chocolate cannot be absorbed by the body, he said.

A food that’s rich in this amphetamine is actually peanuts, he said.

“So for Valentine’s Day, save some money and offer your lovers peanuts instead,” he said.

Attachment

After you’ve been with a person for a period of time, a ‘cuddle’ chemical called oxytocin is involved, Fenster said.

When a woman is lactating, or breastfeeding, she produces more oxytocin to cuddle with her newborn.

Other chemicals are produced by both sexes that are linked to monogamy and sex.

“There’s a difference between love and sex, although often one leads to the other,” Fenton said.

The chemical associated with monogamy is vasopressin and that associated with sex drive in males is testosterone.

When the level of testosterone is high, chemicals such as vasopressin or oxytocin are reduced, he said.

“Chemicals that tend to lead to lower sex drive in men are present in antidepressants and carbohydrates,” Fenster said. “If you want your boyfriend or husband (or both) to perform at night, make sure not to feed them pasta.”

Sex, Love and Health

“There are a number of benefits associated with having sex,” Fenster said. “The number one health problem in America is obesity and studies have shown that sex cuts calories.”

Each session of sex, depending on intensity, burns 125 to 300 calories. Kissing burns six to 12 calories.

“So the message is, if you want to lose weight, it’s best to go all the way,” Fenster said.

People who are in love also have improved immune systems, fewer heart attacks, and longer life expectancies, he said.

“So it is true,” Fenster said. “All you need is love.”